Installing ceramic tile in bathroom

I pulled up the linoleum in the bathroom and was left with a smooth paper finish, can we install ceramic tile over this/

That smooth paper finish you are refering to is the backing the of the vinyl. Sometimes when the bond of the vinyl is strong the actual vinyl seperates leaving the backing and glue behind. This backing needs to be scraped up as well as the adhesive underneath it. This can most effectively be done with some warm water and and a scrpaer with a good blade.

BTW is this a wood or concrete substrate? Usually for wood the vinyl is laid on top of a thin layer of plywood known as luan which is generally 1/8"-1/4" thick and should be removed as well; as it will create problems down the road with your finished floor.